A3
IBhayibhili Lafika Njani Kithi?
UNkulunkulu nguye uMlobi weBhayibhili futhi amazwi akulo ngawakhe. Nguye olilondolozayo. Kanti njalo nguye owenza kwabhalwa amazwi la athi:
“Ilizwi likaNkulunkulu wethu lihlala kuze kube nini lanini.”—U-Isaya 40:8.
Amazwi la aliqiniso lanxa khathesi imibhalo yokuqala yesiHebheru lesi-Aramu a kumbe eyamaKhristu eyesiGrikhi ingasekho. Manje sikwazi njani ukuthi okubhalwe eBhayibhilini khathesi yikho kanye okwakubhalwe emibhalweni yakuqala?
ABABHALI BALONDOLOZA ILIZWI LIKANKULUNKULU
Okunye okwenza ukuthi iMibhalo yesiHebheru ilondolozwe nguMthetho kaNkulunkulu owawusithi kumele kwenziwe amakhophi emibhalo. b Ngokwesibonelo uJehova watshela amakhosi ako-Israyeli ukuthi kwakumele azibhalele awawo amakhophi oMthetho. (UDutheronomi 17:18) UNkulunkulu waphinda wanika amaLevi umsebenzi wokulondoloza uMthetho lokuwufundisa abantu. (UDutheronomi 31:26; UNehemiya 8:7) AmaJuda athi esephendukile ekuthunjweni eBhabhiloni kwaba leqembu lababhali ababebizwa ngokuthi ngamaSoferimi. (U-Ezra 7:6, amabala angaphansi.) Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ababhali laba benza amakhophi amanengi amabhuku angu-39 eMibhalo yesiHebheru.
Ababhali baqhubeka besenza umsebenzi lo ngonanzelelo okweminyaka eminengi. Eminyakeni yabo-1000 C.E., kwaba leqembu lababhali abangamaJuda elalibizwa ngokuthi ngamaMasorethi njalo lawuqhubekisela phambili umsebenzi wokwenza amakhophi emibhalo. Ikhophi yemibhalo endala kulawo wonke enziwa ngamaMasorethi kuthiwa yiLeningrad Codex. Kukhanya yenziwa ngo-1008 loba ngo-1009 C.E. Ngeminyaka yabo-1950 kwatholakala amakhophi emibhalo angaba ngu-220 eLwandle Lwesawudo. Amakhophi la ayemadala kuleLeningrad Codex ngeminyaka eyedlula engu-1000. Nxa siqathanisa imibhalo eyatholakala eLwandle Lwesawudo leLeningrad Codex nanku esikunanzelelayo: Lanxa imibhalo eyatholakala eLwandle Lwesawudo isebenzisa amabala atshiyeneyo kwezinye indawo, umehluko lo awuwutshintshi umqondo walokho okutshiwoyo.
Amabhuku angu-27 eMibhalo yamaKhristu yesiGrikhi wona ke? Abaphefumulelwa ukuthi babhale iMibhalo le ngabanye babaphostoli bakaJesu Khristu kanye labanye abafundi bakhe bokuqala. AmaKhristu okuqala enza amakhophi emibhalo le njengalokho okwakusenziwa ngababhali abangamaJuda. (KwabaseKholose 4:16) Lanxa umbusi weRoma uDiocletian labanye bazama ukutshabalalisa wonke amakhophi eMibhalo yamaKhristu akuqala, abazange baphumelele. Khathesi kulezinkulungwane zemibhalo yasendulo eyalondolozwayo.
IMibhalo yamaKhristu yahunyutshwa langezinye izindimi. Ngokwesibonelo iBhayibhili lahunyutshelwa ezindimini zakudala ezigoqela isi-Armenian, lesiCoptic, lesi-Ethiopic, lesiGeorgian, lesiLatin kanye lesiSyriac.
IKHETHWA NJANI IMIBHALO YESIHEBHERU LEYESIGRIKHI ESETSHENZISWA NXA KUHUNYUTSHWA?
Amanye amabala asemibhalweni yasendulo etshiyeneyo kawafanani. Manje singakwazi njani lokho okwakusemibhalweni yakuqala?
Ake sithi umbalisi ucela abafundi abangu-100 ukuthi bakope esinye isahluko esisebhukwini. Nxa isahluko leso besingalahleka, besingenelisa ukwazi ukuthi kwakubhalweni kuso nxa singaqathanisa amakhophi lawo angu-100. Lanxa umntwana ngamunye ubengaphambanisa ngesikhathi ekopa isahluko leso, kambe kungenzakala yini ukuthi bonke baphambanise endaweni ezifananayo? Ngakho nxa izikhwicamfundo ziqathanisa izinkulungwane zeziqephu lezamakhophi emibhalo yakuqala, ziyenelisa ukubona lapho ababhali abaphambanisa khona lokuthola ukuthi imibhalo yakuqala yayivele isithini.
“Siyabe siqinisile nxa sisithi akulabhuku lakudala elilondolozwe kuhle njengeBhayibhili”
Manje sikwazi njani ukuthi okuseBhayibhilini khathesi yikho kanye okwakusemibhalweni yakuqala? Esinye isikhwicamfundo okuthiwa nguWilliam H. Green sakhuluma ngeMibhalo yesiHebheru sathi: “Siyabe siqinisile nxa sisithi akulabhuku lakudala elilondolozwe kuhle njengeBhayibhili.” Isikhwicamfundo seBhayibhili uF. F. Bruce sona sabhala mayelana leMibhalo yamaKhristu yesiGrikhi ebizwa langokuthi liThestamenti Elitsha sathi: “Ubufakazi obusekela iThestamenti Elitsha bunengi kakhulu ukwedlula ubufakazi obusekela lokho okwabhalwa ngabalobi basendulo njalo akulamuntu ongathandabuza ukuthi lokho esilakho kuliqiniso.” Waqhubeka wathi: “Aluba iThestamenti Elitsha libunjwa ngamabhuku abhalwa ngabantu kakho obengathandabuza ukuthi lokho okuphakathi kwalo kuliqiniso.”
Lesi yisahluko 40 sika-Isaya esisencwadinimgoqwa eyatholakala eLwandle Lwesawudo ngeminyaka yabo-125 kusiya ku-100 B.C.E.
Yathi iqathaniswa leMibhalo yesiHebheru eyaba khona eminyakeni engu-1 000 eyalandelayo kwatholakala umehluko omncane nje kuphela. Okunengi kwakhona kwakuyizipele
Lesi yisahluko 40 sika-Isaya esiku-Aleppo Codex, umbhalo wesiHebheru oqakathekileyo owabhalwa ngamaMasorethi ngabo-930 C.E.
IMibhalo YesiHebheru: INguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha YeMibhalo YesiHebheru (1953-1960) yahunyutshwa ithathelwa ku-Biblia Hebraica kaRudolf Kittel. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi sekube leminye iMibhalo yesiHebheru i-Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia le-Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Yona isilokunye okutsha okwatholakala ngesikhathi kuchwayisiswa incwadimgoqwa ezatholakala eLwandle Lwesawudo leminye imibhalo yasendulo. Abachwayisisayo bathuthukisa iLeningrad Codex basebeyifakela lamabala angaphansi ayelamazwi ayethethwe kweminye imibhalo yasendulo egoqela iSamaritan Pentateuch, lezincwadimgoqwa ezatholakala eLwandle Lwesawudo, le-Greek Septuagint, le-Aramaic Targums, le-Latin Vulgate, le-Syriac Peshitta. I-Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia le-Biblia Hebraica Quinta lazo zasetshenziswa ngesikhathi kuhunyutshwa iNguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha yesiNgisi ka-2013.
IMibhalo YesiGrikhi: Kusukela ngo-1853 kusiya ku-1881 izikhwicamfundo uB. F. Westcott loF.J.A. Hort zahlolisisa imibhalo yeBhayibhili leziqephu zasezibumba iMibhalo yesiGrikhi futhi lokho ezaphuma lakho zazikubona kuyikho kanye okwakusemibhalweni yakuqala. Ngabo-1950 iKhomithi Yokuhumutsha INguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha yasebenzisa imibhalo leyo ngesikhathi kuhunyutshwa iBhayibhili. Kwasetshenziswa leminye imibhalo yephaphirasi okucatshangelwa ukuthi ngeyeminyaka yabo-125 kusiya ku-300 C.E., futhi kusukela lapho minengi eminye esitholakele. Kanti njalo sekuleminye imibhalo eyahlolisiswayo ekaNestle lo-Aland kanye le-United Bible Societies elezinye izinto ezisanda kuchwayisiswa yizikhwicamfundo. Okunye okwatholakalayo ngesikhathi kuchwayisiswa kwasetshenziswa sekusenziwa iNguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha ka-2013.
Nxa kuhlolwa imibhalo le kutholakala ukuthi amanye amavesi aseMibhalweni yamaKhristu yesiGrikhi emaBhayibhilini amadala anjenge-King James Version ayengekho eMibhalweni ephefumulelweyo, afakwa ngabanye ababhali. Kodwa emaBhayibhilini amanengi lapho okwakulamavesi la kwasala kulezikhala ngoba ngabo-1550 iBhayibhili laselivele lihlelwe laba lamavesi. Amavesi la nguMathewu 17:21; 18:11; 23:14, loMakho 7:16; 9:44, 46; 11:26; 15:28, loLukha 17:36; 23:17, loJohane 5:4, lemiSebenzi 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29 kanye loRoma 16:24. EBhayibhilini leli kufakwe amabala angaphansi lapho okulamavesi la ayeqiweyo.
Kusegcekeni ukuthi isiphetho eside esikuMakho 16 (amavesi 9-20), lesiphetho esifitshane sikaMakho 16 kanye lamazwi akuJohane 7:53–8:11 ayengekho emibhalweni yakuqala. Yikho amavesi la okuzifakela engekho eBhayibhilini leli. c
Ku-Nguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha yesiNgisi amanye amavesi alungisiswa kulandelwa lokho abachwayisisayo abathi yikho okwakusemibhalweni yakuqala. Ngokwesibonelo kweminye imibhalo yakudala uMathewu 7:13 uthi: “Ngenani ngegedi elincane ngoba likhulu igedi futhi ibanzi indlela eya ekubhujisweni.” INguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha yesiNgisi yakudala yayingelalo ibala elithi “igedi.” Kodwa kwathi kuhlolisiswa imibhalo yakudala kwatholakala ukuthi ibala elithi “igedi” lalikhona emibhalweni yakuqala. Yikho lafakwa ku-Nguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha ka-2013. Kwalungisiswa lezinye izinto ezinengi ezinjengalezi kodwa yizinto ezincane ezingatshintshi lutho eLizwini likaNkulunkulu.
Umbhalo wephaphirasi oka-2 Khorinte 4:13–5:4 owabhalwa ngabo-200 C.E.
a Kusukela lapha kusiya phambili iyabe ibizwa ngokuthi yiMibhalo yesiHebheru.
b Kwakuqakathekile ukuthi kwenziwe amakhophi emibhalo ngoba yayibhalwa ezintweni ezingahlali isikhathi eside.
c Okunengi okumayelana lamavesi la okuzifakela kutholakala emabaleni angaphansi e-Nguqulo Yomhlaba Omutsha yesiNgisi ka-1984.
