Kodi Ndani Ali ndi Pensulo?

YOLEMBEDWA KU BRITAIN

PENSULO ndi yotsika mtengo, n’njosavuta kulembera, n’njopepuka kwambiri ndipo imalowa bwinobwino m’thumba. Sifunikira magetsi kuti igwire ntchito, situtuma ndipo mutha kufufuta zolemba zake. Ana amaigwiritsa ntchito pophunzira kulemba, akatswiri azojambulajambula amaigwiritsa ntchito akamajambula zithunzi zokongola kwambiri ndipo ambirife timakhala nayo nthawi zambiri kuti tizilembera zinthu zofunika. Ndithudi, padziko lonse lapansi, pensulo n’cholembera chofala chomwe anthu ambiri angakwanitse kugula. Nkhani yochititsa chidwi yonena za chiyambi cha pensulo inayambira ku madera akumidzi ku England, kumene mwangozi anapeza zinthu zinazake zooneka ngati malasha.

Makala a Pensulo

M’zaka za m’ma 1500, anthu anapeza zibuma za zinthu zachilendo zakuda m’mphepete mwa phiri la Borrowdale, m’dera lotchedwa Lake District kumpoto kwa England. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zimenezi zinkaoneka monga malasha, sizinkagwira moto. Ndipo akazilembetsa pa chinthu chinachake, zolembedwazo zinali zakuda, zonyezimira ndiponso zosavuta kufufuta. Anthu ankazikulunga mu zikopa za nkhosa ndipo ena ankazikulunga ndi chingwe chifukwa chakuti zinkakhala ndi mafuta. Palibe yemwe akudziwa munthu amene anayamba kuika zinthu zolemberazi, zimene anthu amati makala, m’timatabwa. Koma m’ma 1560, anthu ku Ulaya anali atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mapensulo achikale amenewa.

Posapita nthawi, anthu anayamba kukumba n’kugulitsa makala amenewa kwa akatswiri azojambulajambula a kumayiko ena omwe ankawafuna kwambiri. Ndipo pofika m’ma 1600, anthu kulikonse anali kugwiritsa ntchito makalawa. Panthawi imeneyi, anthu opanga mapensulo anali kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito makalawa m’njira zosiyanasiyana n’cholinga choti apange zolembera zabwino zedi. Popeza kuti makala a ku Borrowdale anali abwino kwambiri ndiponso osavuta kukumba, akuba ndiponso ogulitsa malonda mwakatangale ankawafuna kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 1752 boma la Britain linaika lamulo lonena kuti munthu akapezeka akuba makalawa amangidwe kapena am’pititse ku malo akutali olangirako anthu.

Mu 1779, Carl W. Scheele, katswiri wa mankhwala opangira zinthu wa ku Sweden, anatulukira zinthu zomwe zinadabwitsa anthu ambiri. Iye anapeza kuti zinthu zomwe timati ndi makala sizinali makala ayi koma zinali mtundu wina wofewa wa kaboni. Ndipo  patapita zaka 10, Abraham G. Werner, katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka wa ku Germany, anazitcha girafaiti (graphite). Dzina limeneli limachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki otanthauza “kulemba.” Choncho, ngakhale kuti timanenabe kuti mapensulo a makala, kwenikweni sapangidwa ndi makala.

Kufalikira Ndiponso Kupangidwa Kwake

Kwa zaka zambiri makampani opanga mapensulo ankakonda kwambiri girafaiti ya ku England chifukwa choti inali yabwino kwambiri moti sanafunikire kuikonzanso. Popeza kuti girafaiti yopezeka m’madera ena a ku Ulaya sinali yabwino kwenikweni, anthu opanga mapensulo ankayesa njira zosiyanasiyana zoti apangire makala abwino a pensulo. Katswiri wopanga mapensulo, Nicolas-Jacques Conté wa ku France, anasakaniza girafaiti wa ufa ndi dongo ndipo anaumba tinthu tooneka ngati kandodo, kenako anatiwotcha mu uvuni. Mwa kuchulukitsa kapena kuchepetsa zinthu zomwe ankasakanizazo, ankatha kupanga makala a pensulo akuda kwambiri kapena oyererapo. Njira imeneyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale masiku ano. Ndipo mu 1795, Conté anadziwika kukhala munthu woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi.

M’zaka za m’ma 1800 anthu anayamba kupeza ndalama zambiri chifukwa chopanga mapensulo. Girafaiti anapezeka m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Siberia, Germany ndi dziko lomwe masiku ano limadziwika kuti Czech Republic. Makampani angapo opanga mapensulo anatsegulidwa ku Germany ndipo kenako ku United States. Popeza anali kugwiritsa ntchito makina, anatha kupanga mapensulo ambirimbiri nthawi imodzi ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti akhale otchipa. Pamene zaka za m’ma 1900 zinkayamba, ngakhale ana a sukulu anali kugwiritsa ntchito mapensulo.

Mapensulo a Masiku Ano

Mapensulo mabiliyoni ambiri akupangidwa chaka chilichonse padziko lonse, ndipo amakhala abwino kwambiri ndiponso amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Pensulo yamatabwa wamba imatha kulemba mzere wotalika makilomita 56 ndipo ingalembe mawu okwana 45,000. Mapensulo ena ndi achitsulo kapena apulasitiki ndipo amakhala ndi kolembera kakang’ono moti safunikira kusongola. Popanga mapensulo ena amaikako mankhwala enaake m’malo mwa girafaiti, kuti mapensulowo azilemba m’mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana.

Mapensulowa ndi olimba, osavuta kulembera, ndipo anthu amatha kuwagwiritsa ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Motero, zikuoneka kuti palibe chilichonse chimene chidzawalowe m’malo. Choncho, kaya n’kunyumba kapena kuntchito mwina mudzapitirizabe mpaka kalekale kumva funso loti, “Kodi ndani ali ndi pensulo?”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 13]

KODI PENSULO YAMAKALA AMAIPANGA BWANJI?

Popanga omwe timati makala a pensulo, amatenga girafaiti ya ufa, dongo ndi madzi n’kuzisakaniza kenako amaziika m’kachikombole kapaipi yachitsulo. Akazichotsa ndi kuziumitsa, amaziduladula n’kuziwotcha mu uvuni ndiyeno amaziviika mu phula ndi mafuta otentha. Kenako amaduladula matabwa kuti akhale zibenthu za saizi ya theka la pensulo ndipo amazipala ndi kupanga timaenje m’kati mwake. Nthawi zambiri matabwa amenewa amakhala a mtengo wamkungudza chifukwa suvuta kusongola. Ndiyeno, makalawo amawalowetsa m’kadzenje ka chibenthu chimodzi kenako amatenga chibenthu china n’kuchimata pamodzi ndi chinzakecho. Zikauma, amaziduladula kuti kutalika kwake kukhale saizi ya pensulo. Akazikonza ndi kuzikongoletsa kuti zioneke mmene akufunira, amazipaka penti ndi kuzidinda chizindikiro cha kampani yopanga mapensulowo. Akatero, amakhala mapensulo okongola oti tingawagwiritse ntchito. Ndipo nthawi zina amaika labala.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Faber-Castell AG

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 14]

KODI NDILEMBERE PENSULO ITI?

Posankha pensulo yomwe mukufuna, onani zilembo kapena manambala omwe alembedwa pa pensuloyo. Zimenezi zimasonyeza kulimba kapena kufewa kwa makala ake. Makala ofewa amalemba zakuda kwambiri.

Pensulo yolembedwa HB amaigwiritsa ntchito pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana chifukwa makala ake si olimba ndiponso si ofewa kwambiri.

Pensulo yolembedwa B makala ake ndi ofewa. Manambala monga 2B kapena 6B amasonyeza kufewa kwake. Nambala ikakhala yaikulu, makala ake ndi ofewa kwambiri.

Pensulo yolembedwa H makala ake ndi olimba. Nambala ikakhala yaikulu monga 2H, 4H, 6H, makala ake ndi olimba kwambiri.

Pensulo yolembedwa F imalemba kamzere kakang’ono kwambiri.

M’mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States pensulo yolembedwa 2 ndi yofanana ndi ya HB. Kudziko limeneli, nambala ikakhala yaikulu, makala ake ndi olimba kwambiri.