MURI Ndamukiza 2006, ibinyamakuru vyo hirya no hino kw’isi vyarashikirije inkuru itangaje y’uko umugwi umwe w’abahinga wariko urasohora ibiri mu gisomwa ca kera cari giherutse kwuburwa ciswe “Injili ya Yuda.” Ivyo binyamakuru vyavuga yuko abo bahinga babona ko ico gisomwa gihindura cane ukuntu abantu batahura ivya Yuda Isikariyoti wa mwigishwa yagura Yezu. Bavuga yuko ngo Yuda ari intwari koko, ko ari intumwa yatahura neza Yezu kuruta abandi bose, kandi ko Yezu ubwiwe ari we yamusavye ngo amutange kugira yicwe.

None ico gisomwa coba ari ic’ukuri? Nimba ari ukwo, coba gihishura amakuru yari yaranyegejwe yerekeye Yuda Isikariyoti, Yezu Kristu canke abakirisu bo mu ntango? Coba gikwiye guhindura ukuntu tubona ubukirisu?

Nta wuzi neza ukuntu “Injili ya Yuda” yubuwe. Ico gisomwa nticubuwe n’abacukuzi b’ivya kera kandi nta cerekana ko hari ico bakivuzeko, ahubwo abantu bagiye bakibona aho badandariza ibintu vya kera cane mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1970 canke mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1980. Gishobora kuba cubuwe mu Misiri mu 1978 mu mva yahebwe, kumbure mw’isenga. Ni kimwe mu bisomwa bine vyo mu candikano c’iminwe (kigomba kumera nk’igitabu) canditswe mu gikobute (urwo rukaba ari ururimi rwakomotse ku rurimi rw’Abanyamisiri ba kera).

Kuva aho ico candikano gitekeye mu rushato kimariye gukurwa mu Misiri aho cari kimaze ibinjana n’ibindi kizigamiwe ahantu hashushe, caciye gitangura kwononekara ningoga. Abahinga bakeyi barashoboye gukubita ijisho ico candikano mu 1983, ariko igiciro caco cari umurengera ku buryo ata washoboye kukigura. Mu myaka yakurikiye, ico candikano cararushirije kwononekara kubera cafatwa nabi kikongera kikabikwa nabi. Mu 2000, caguzwe n’umukenyezi adandaza ivya kera wo mu Buswise. Yaciye agishikiriza umugwi w’abahinga bavuye hirya no hino kw’isi. Bano, bahagarikiwe n’Ikigo c’utugenegene twa kera citiriwe Mécène be n’ishirahamwe National Geographic, bahawe igikorwa kitoroshe co gusanasana no gutunganya ico candikano c’iminwe, bimwebimwe mu bice vyaco bikaba vyari bimaze kwononekara bisigaye ari uduhimbahimba. Uwo mugwi wasabwe kandi kwerekana imyaka ico  candikano kimaze hamwe no gushira mu congereza ibiri muri co, bakongera bakabisigura.

Ibipimo vyagizwe hakoreshejwe icitwa carbone-14 vyerekanye ko ico gisomwa c’iminwe gishobora kuba ari ico mu kinjana ca gatatu canke ca kane G.C. (G.C. bisobanura “mu Gihe Cacu”) Ariko rero, abahinga biyumvira yuko ico gisomwa co mu gikobute c’iyo njili yiswe ngo “Injili ya Yuda” cashizwe muri urwo rurimi bafatiye ku gisomwa co mu kigiriki c’iyo njili canditswe kera cane. None iyo “Njili ya Yuda” y’ikigiriki yatunganijwe ryari kandi ibintu vyari vyifashe gute?

Ahantu ha mbere havugwa ivy’inkuru yitwa “Injili ya Yuda” ni mu vyanditswe na Irénée, akaba ari umwanditsi yiyita umukirisu wo mu mpera z’ikinjana ca kabiri G.C. Mu gitabu Irénée yanditse (Contre les hérésies), aravuga ivyerekeye umwe mu migwi myinshi yigisha inyigisho atashigikira na gato. Agira ati: “Bavuga ngo Yuda wa muguranyi yari azi neza ivyo bintu kandi ngo ni we wenyene yashikije ca kintu c’amayobera co kugura Yezu, ngo akaba ari we yari azi ukuri kuruta abandi bose. Biciye kuri we, ngo ibintu vyose, vyaba ivyo kw’isi canke ivyo mw’ijuru, vyaciye bivurungana. Baremarema inkuru nk’iyo, bakayita Injili ya Yuda.”

Irénée yariyamiriza canecane inyigisho zitandukanye z’abakirisu b’Abaginositike, abavuga yuko ngo bahishuriwe ukuri kudasanzwe. Ico gihe hariho imigwi myinshi y’Abaginositike, umugwi umwumwe wose ukaba wari wifitiye ukuntu utahura ukongera ugasigura ico bita ngo ni ukuri kwa gikirisu. Abaginositike bashingira inyigisho zabo ku vyo biyandikiye, ivyari bikwiragiye cane mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C.

Izo njili z’Abaginositike kenshi zavuga yuko intumwa zihambaye za Yezu zatahuye ukutari ko inyigisho yiwe kandi yuko hariho inyigisho y’ibanga Yezu yashikirije yatahurwa n’abantu bakeyi gusa. * Bamwebamwe muri abo Baginositike bemera yuko iyi si y’abazima ari ibohero. Ku bw’ivyo, “imana rurema” ivugwa mu Vyanditswe vy’igiheburayo ngo mu vy’ukuri yari imana ntoya yarwanya imana zitunganye. Ngo uwufise “ubumenyi” nyakuri aratahura iryo “banga” akongera akarondera kuva muri uyu mibiri tubohewemwo.

Ivyo ni vyo “Injili ya Yuda” ishingiyeko. Itangurana n’amajambo agira ati: “Ijambo ry’ibanga Yezu yabwiye Yuda Isikariyoti mu kiyago bagiranye mu misi umunani, iyarangiye hasigaye imisi itatu ngo ahimbaze Pasika.”

Ico candikano coba ari co Irénée yari yaravuze mu vyo yanditse, icamaze ibinjana citwa ko cazimiye? Marvin Meyer, akaba ari umwe mu bari bagize wa mugwi wo mu ntango wasuzuma ukongera ugashira mu congereza ico candikano, avuga yuko ivyo Irénée “yasiguye mu ncamake bihuye neza n’igisomwa co mu gikobute kiriho ubu citwa Injili ya Yuda.”

Mu “Njili ya Yuda,” Yezu aratwenga cane abigishwa biwe kubera badatahura neza ivyo avuga. Ariko Yuda ni we wenyene mu ntumwa 12 atahura akaranga nyakuri ka Yezu. Ni co gituma Yezu amubwira mu mwiherero “ibinyegezwa vyerekeye ubwami.”

Wa mugwi w’abahinga watunganya ca gisomwa ca mbere warisunze cane ivyo Irénée yasiguye ku bijanye n’iyo njili. Mu gushira ico gisomwa mu congereza, berekanye yuko Yezu yakunda cane Yuda kubera ko ari we mwigishwa wenyene yotahuye ibinyegezwa akongera “akinjira” mu “bwami.” Intumwa zazimiye ngo zogenye uwusubirira Yuda, ariko Yuda yocitse “impwemu ya cumi na gatatu” maze “akaruta [abandi bigishwa] bose” kubera ko Yezu yamubwiye yuko yomufashije kuva mu mubiri.

Abanditsi b’ibitabu bigurwa cane nka Bart Ehrman na Elaine Pagels, bakaba kandi ari abahinga bakomeye batohoza ivy’ubukirisu bwo mu ntango be n’ivy’Abaginositike, baciye basohora bidatevye ivyegeranyo birimwo ivyo basuzumye n’ivyo bavuze kuri iyo “Njili ya Yuda,” bino bikaba vyarasa cane  na ca gisomwa catunganijwe na wa mugwi wo mu ntango. Ariko rero gatoyi inyuma y’aho, abandi bahinga nka April DeConick na Birger Pearson, baciye baserura amakenga bafise kuri ivyo. Bavuze yuko rya shirahamwe National Geographic ryihutiye gusohora ico gisomwa ca kera kugira ngo haboneke inkuru ishushe mu bimenyeshamakuru. Vyongeye, nya mugwi wo mu ntango ntiwisunze uburyo abahinga bakurikiza bwo gusuzuma igisomwa bimwe vyitondewe kigaheza kigashikirizwa abandi bahinga ngo bagire ico bakivuzeko imbere y’uko gisohoka, kubera ko abagize uwo mugwi basinyishijwe amasezerano yo kugira ibanga ibiri muri ico gisomwa.

DeConick na Pearson umwe wese yakoze ku giti ciwe, ariko bompi bashitse ku ciyumviro c’uko abahinga b’imbere yabo bahinduye ukutari ko ibice nyamukuru bimwebimwe vya ca candikano c’iminwe caterateranijwe. Twisunze ukuntu DeConick yatunganije igisomwa c’ico candikano, Yezu ntiyita Yuda “impwemu ya cumi na gatatu,” ahubwo amwita “Idayimoni ya cumi na gatatu.” * Yezu abwira kandi Yuda mu buryo butomoye yuko atazoduga mu “bwami.” Aho kubwira Yuda ko ‘aruta’ abandi bigishwa, Yezu amubwira ati: “Uzokora nabi kubarusha bose,” agaca avuga ko Yuda azokwica umubiri wa Yezu. DeConick abona ko “Injili ya Yuda” ari inkuru ya kera y’Abaginositike itari yo ishira hasi intumwa zose. Iciyumviro ca nyuma DeConick na Pearson bashitseko ku vyerekeye iyo “Njili ya Yuda” ni ic’uko Yuda atari intwari.

Mu bahinga basuzumye iyo njili, baba ababona ko Yuda ari intwari canke ababona ko ari idayimoni, nta n’umwe muri bo yovuga yuko ibiri muri iyo njili ari ivy’ukuri. Wa mwanditsi Bart Ehrman asigura ati: “Iyo Njili ntiyanditswe na Yuda canke n’uwoba amwiyitirira. . . . Si Injili yanditswe n’umuntu yabayeho mu gihe ca Yuda yari amuzi vy’ukuri . . . Si igitabu rero coturonsa ayandi makuru yerekeye ivyabaye koko mu gihe ca Yezu.”

Iyo “Njili ya Yuda” ni igisomwa c’Abaginositike catanguye kwandikwa mu kigiriki mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C. Abahinga ntibarahuza ku bijanye n’uko iyo “Njili ya Yuda” iherutse kwuburwa ari ca gisomwa nyene Irénée yavuze mu vyo yanditse. Ariko ikizwi coco, iyo “Njili ya Yuda” iratanga ikimenyamenya gitomoye kandi gikomeye c’uko hageze igihe ubukirisu bukicamwo imice myinshi itavuga rumwe kandi itemera bimwe. Iyo “Njili ya Yuda” ntituma Bibiliya iboneka ko itavuga ukuri, ahubwo irashigikira ingabisho intumwa zatanze, nk’iyo Paulo yatanze mu Vyakozwe 20:29, 30 igira iti: “Ndazi yuko ninamara kugenda . . . muri mwebwe ubwanyu hazohaguruka abagabo bavuge ibigoramanze kugira ngo bakwegere abigishwa inyuma yabo.”