Va“Polish Brethren”—Vakatambudzirwei?

Muna 1638 paramende yePoland yakarwadzisa zvikuru rimwe boka duku rechitendero raizivikanwa sePolish Brethren. Chechi nomuchina wokudhinda weboka racho zvakaparadzwa. Yunivhesiti yeRaków yakavharwa, uye vanapurofesa vakanga vadzidzisa ipapo vakaendeswa kuutapwa.

Makore makumi maviri gare gare, paramende yacho yakaita zvinopfuura izvozvo. Yakarayira kuti nhengo dzose dzeboka racho, dzingadaro dzaisvika 10 000 kana kupfuura, dzibve munyika yacho. Zvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru kudaro sei munyika yainzi ndiyo yainyanya kuregerera muEurope yose panguva iyoyo? VaPolish Brethren vakanga vaitei kuti vafanirwe nokubatwa zvakaipisisa kudaro?

ZVOSE zvakatanga apo kusawirirana kukuru kwakavapo muCalvinist Church yePoland. Chinhu chakanyanya kukonzera gakava yaiva dzidziso yoUtatu. Vatungamiriri vesangano raida kugara richidzidza zvitsva raiva muchechi yacho vakaramba dzidziso yacho vachiti haisi yemumagwaro. Izvi zvakatsamwisa vatungamiriri vechechi ndokuita kuti sangano raida kugara richidzidza zvitsva racho riparadzane navo.

VaCalvinist vakadana vaisada kubvumirana nevamwe vacho kuti vaArian, * asi vateveri veboka idzva racho vakasarudza kuzvidana kuti vaKristu kana kuti vaPolish Brethren. Vanozivikanwawo sevaSocinian, kutevera Laelius Socinus, wokuItaly akapesvedzerwa naServetus uye ane muzukuru wake Faustus Socinus akaenda kuPoland ndokuzivikanwa zvikuru musangano racho.

Panguva iyoyo mumwe murume aikudzwa wokuPoland, Jan Sienieński, akaedza kupa chechi itsva chaakadana kuti “nzvimbo yakanyarara, yakavandika” yokukurira. Achishandisa ropafadzo chaiyo yaakanga apiwa namambo wePoland, Sienieński akavaka guta reRaków, rakazova muzinda wechiSocinian muPoland gare gare. Sienieński akapa vagari vomuRaków kodzero dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira kodzero yokunamata vakasununguka.

Mhizha, vanachiremba, vagadziri vemishonga, vagari vomudhorobha, uye vanhu vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana vakakweverwa kudhorobha idzva racho. Kuwedzera kune ava, vashumiri vakaenda ikoko vachibva kuPoland, Lithuania, Transylvania, France, uye kunyange England. Zvisinei, havasi vose vevanhu vatsva ava vakasvika vaidavirawo zvitendero zvevaSocinian; nokudaro kwemakore matatu akatevera, kubva muna 1569 kusvikira muna 1572, Raków yakava nzvimbo yokukurukurirana zvechitendero kusingaperi. Nemigumisiroi?

Imba Yakaparadzaniswa

Sangano rechiSocinian pacharo rakaparadzana, vaya vakagamuchira maonero okunyanyisa vachienda kune rimwe divi uye vaya vaiva nemaonero akanga ane mwero vachienda kune rimwe racho. Zvisinei, pasinei zvapo nokupesana kwavo, zvavaidavira vose zvaiva zvakasiyana. Vakaramba Utatu; vakaramba kubhabhatidza vacheche; kazhinji  vaisatakura zvombo uye kakawanda vaisashanda muhofisi dzehurumende. * Vakarambawo kuvapo kwehero senzvimbo yokutambudzira. Mune zvose izvi, vakaramba magamuchidzanwa echitendero akakurumbira.

Vafundisi vechiCalvinist nevechiKaturike vakatanga kushora boka racho zvaityisa, asi vashumiri vechiSocinian vakashandisa mamiriro ezvinhu okuregerera zvechitendero, aitsigirwa nemadzimambo ePoland akadai saSigismund II Augustus naStephen Báthory, kuti vadzidzise zvavaifunga.

Basa Rakachinja Zvinhu raBudny

Shanduro yeBhaibheri yevaCalvinist, yakanga ichinyanyoshandiswa panguva iyoyo, yakanga isiri kupedza zvaidiwa nevaravi vakawanda. Shanduro yacho yakashandurwa, kwete kubva mumitauro yepakuvamba, asi kubva muVulgate yechiLatin uye shanduro yepanguva iyoyo yechiFrench. “Kutendeka nokururama kwepfungwa zvakaraswa nokuda kutsvaka kunaka kwemanyorero,” rinodaro rimwe bhuku. Makapinzwa zvikanganiso zvakawanda. Naizvozvo, imwe nyanzvi yaizivikanwa zvikuru yainzi Szymon Budny akakumbirwa kururamisa shanduro yacho. Akasarudza kuti zvaizova nyore kubudisa shanduro itsva zvachose pane kururamisa yekare. Budny akatanga kushanda basa racho munenge muna 1567.

Paaishandura, Budny ainyatsoongorora shoko rimwe nerimwe nemadudzirwe aro akasiyana-siyana munzira yakanga isina kumboitwa naani naani muPoland. Pazvainetsa kushandura mashoko echiHebheru, airatidza shanduro yakananga mumanotsi kurutivi kwepeji. Pazvainge zvakafanira, aigadzira mashoko matsva ndokuedza kushandisa mutauro womuPoland uri nyore, wemazuva ose wenguva yake. Vavariro yake yaiva yokupa muravi shanduro yeBhaibheri yakatendeka uye yakarurama.

Shanduro yaBudny yeBhaibheri rose yakabudiswa muna 1572. Zvisinei, vabudisi veshanduro yake vakachinja-chinja shanduro yake yeMagwaro echiGiriki. Asingaodzwi mwoyo, Budny akatanga kushanda pashanduro yakadzokororwa, yakapedzwa makore maviri gare gare. Shanduro yakajeka yaBudny yeMagwaro echiGiriki yaikunda shanduro dzomuPoland dzaimbovapo kare. Kuwedzera kune izvozvo, munzvimbo dzakawanda akadzorera zita raMwari, Jehovha.

Murutivi rwokupedzisira rwezana ramakore rechi16 uye makore makumi matatu okutanga ezana ramakore rechi17, Raków, guta guru resangano racho, rakava muzinda wezvechitendero newounyanzvi. Imomo vatungamiriri nevanyori vePolish Brethren vakabudisa maturakiti avo namabhuku.

Vakatsigira Dzidzo

Basa rokubudisa mabhuku revaPolish Brethren rakatanga kubudirira munenge muna 1600 pakaiswa muchina wokudhinda muRaków. Muchina wokudhinda wacho waikwanisa kubudisa mabhuku maduku nemabhuku makuru mumitauro inoverengeka. Senzvimbo yokudhindira, Raków nokukurumidza yakakwikwidza dzimwe nzvimbo dzokudhindira dzakanakisisa muEurope. Zvinodavirwa kuti zvinyorwa zvakawanda kusvika ku200 zvakadhindwa pamuchina wokudhinda iwowo kwemakore 40 akatevera. Fekitari yaigadzira mapepa yaiva pedyo, yaiva yevaPolish Brethren, yaiwanisa mapepa akanaka zvikuru nokuda kwemabhuku aya.

VaPolish Brethren vakakurumidza kuona kudiwa kwokudzidzisa vavaitenda navo uye vamwe. Nokuda kwechinangwa ichocho, Yunivhesiti yeRaków yakatangwa muna 1602. Vanakomana vevaPolish Brethren, pamwewo nevakomana veKaturike nePurotesitendi, vaidzidza ipapo. Kunyange zvazvo yunivhesiti yacho yaiva nzvimbo yokudzidzira zvechitendero, chitendero handicho choga chaidzidziswa. Mitauro yokumwe, zvidzidzo zvetsika, zvidzidzo zvoupfumi, nhau dzekare, mitemo, ruzivo, sayenzi yezvinhu zvakasikwa, masvomu, zvemishonga, uye kurovedza muviri zvaivawo zvimwe zvezvaidzidziswa. Yunivhesiti yacho yaiva neraibhurari yakakura, yakaramba ichikura, ichibatsirwa nomuchina wokudhinda womunzvimbo imomo.

Sezvo zana ramakore rechi17 rakafambira mberi, zvakaita sokuti vaPolish Brethren vaizoramba vachibudirira. Asi, handizvo zvaizoitika.

Kurwisana Kwechechi Nehurumende

Zbigniew Ogonowski wePolish Academy of Sciences anotsanangura kuti: “Pakupera kwemakore makumi matatu ezana ramakore rechi17, mamiriro ezvinhu evaArian vaiva muPoland akatanga kuderera nokukurumidza.” Izvi zvaiva nemhaka yokushanda  nesimba kwaiwedzera kwevafundisi veKaturike. Vafundisi vaishandisa nzira yose yaiita, kusanganisira kuchera uye kurevera nhema, kuti vashayise vaPolish Brethren mukurumbira wakanaka. Kurwisa kwacho kwakarerutswa nokuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu zvematongerwe enyika muPoland. Mambo mutsva wePoland, Sigismund III Vasa, aivenga vaPolish Brethren. Vakamutsiva, kunyanya John II Casimir Vasa, vakatsigirawo mabasa eChechi yeKaturike okuvhiringidza vaPolish Brethren.

Zvinhu zvakasvika pakaipisisa nokusaremekedza muchinjikwa nemaune kwainzi kwakaitwa nevadzidzi vashoma vokuRaków. Chiitiko ichi chakava chikonzero chokuparadzwa kweguta guru revaPolish Brethren. Muridzi weRaków akapomerwa nedare reparamende ‘kuparadzira uipi’ nokutsigira Yunivhesiti yeRaków nomuchina wayo wokudhinda. VaPolish Brethren vakapomerwa kuita mabasa okuda kupidigura hurumende, kuita mitambo isingadzorwi, uye kurarama upenyu hwounzenza. Paramende yakasarudza kuti Yunivhesiti yeRaków yaifanira kuvharwa uye kuti muchina wokudhinda nechechi zvaiva zvevaPolish Brethren zvaifanira kuparadzwa. Vatendi vakanzi vabude mudhorobha racho. Vanapurofesa veyunivhesiti yacho vakanzi vabude munyika yacho vachinzi vakasadaro vaizorangwa norufu. Vamwe vaPolish Brethren vakaenda kunzvimbo dzakati chengetekei, dzakadai seSilesia neSlovakia.

Muna 1658 paramende yakarayira kuti vaPolish Brethren vaifanira kutengesa zvinhu zvavo voenda kune imwe nyika mukati memakore matatu. Pave paya, nguva iyoyo yakazodzorwa kusvika pamakore maviri. Vapi nevapi vaizotaura kutenda kwavo pashure pacho vaizourayiwa.

Vamwe vaSocinian vakagara muNetherlands, kwavakaenderera mberi nebasa ravo rokudhinda. MuTransylvania imwe ungano yakavapo kusvikira pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi18. Pamisangano yavo, yaiitwa katatu pavhiki, vaiimba mapisarema, vaiteerera mharidzo, uye vairava katekisimo yakanga yagadzirwa kuti itsanangure dzidziso dzavo. Kuitira kuti vadzivirire rucheno rweungano, vatendi vairuramiswa, vairayirwa uye, kana zvakanga zvakafanira, vaidzingwa.

VaPolish Brethren vaiva vadzidzi veShoko raMwari. Vakawana chokwadi chinokosha, uye vakachiudzawo vamwe vasingazenguriri. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira vakapararira muEurope ndokuzviona zvakaoma kuramba vakabatana. Pashure penguva yakati, vaPolish Brethren vakanyangarika.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Imba yakanga yambova yomushumiri wechiSocinian

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23]

Pamusoro: Raków nhasi; kurudyi imba yevakazvipira yakatangwa muna 1650 kuti iparadze zvisaririra zvose zvechi“Arian”; pazasi: Panzvimbo iyi vafundisi vechiKaturike vakaisa muchinjikwa kuti vadenhe vaPolish Brethren

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Title card of Biblia nieświeska by Szymon Budny, 1572