“AmaPolish Brethren”—Kungani Ayeshushiswa?

Ngo-1638 iphalamende lasePoland lahlasela kanzima iqembu elincane lenkolo elaziwa ngokuthi amaPolish Brethren. Kwacekelwa phansi isonto nendawo yalo yokunyathelisa. I-University of Raków yavalwa, futhi oprofesa ababefundisa kuyo badingiswa.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-20, iphalamende laqhubekela phambili. Layala wonke amalungu aleli qembu, okungenzeka ayelinganiselwa ku-10 000 noma ngaphezulu, ukuba ahambe kulelo zwe. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba isimo sibe bucayi kangako ezweni ngaleso sikhathi elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe anokubekezelelana kunawo wonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu? Yini eyayenziwe amaPolish Brethren ukuze afanelwe ukuphathwa kanzima ngaleyo ndlela?

KWAQALA lapho kuba nokuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kweSonto Labalandeli BakaCalvin lasePoland. Imbangela eyinhloko yengxabano kwakuyimfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu. Abaholi benhlangano eyayinesithakazelo entuthukweni, eyayiphakathi kwesonto, benqaba le mfundiso bethi ayikho ngokomBhalo. Lokhu kwazithukuthelisa izikhulu zesonto futhi kwabangela ukuba inhlangano enesithakazelo entuthukweni iqembuke.

Abalandeli bakaCalvin babiza labo abaqembuka ngokuthi abalandeli baka-Arius, * kodwa amalungu aleli qembu elisha ayethanda ukuzibiza ngokuthi amaKristu noma amaPolish Brethren. Baziwa nangokuthi abalandeli bakaSocinus, okunguLaelius Socinus, iNtalinyane elalithonywe uServetus futhi elimshana walo uFaustus Socinus waya ePoland futhi waba ngovelele kule nhlangano.

Ngaleso sikhathi isikhulu sasePoland, uJan Sienieński, sazama ukunikeza leli sonto elisha lokhu esakubiza ngokuthi “indawo enokuthula nengayodwa” ezochumela kuyo. Esebenzisa ilungelo elikhethekile ayelinikwe inkosi yasePoland, uSienieński wasungula idolobha laseRaków, kamuva elaba isikhungo sabalandeli bakaSocinus ePoland. USienieński wanika izakhamuzi zaseRaków amalungelo amaningana, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokukhulekela ngokukhululekile.

Izingcweti, odokotela, osokhemisi, abantu abavamile nabantu bezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene badonseleka kuleli dolobha elisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatheleka abefundisi abavela ePoland, eLithuania, eTransylvania, eFrance ngisho naseNgilandi. Nokho, akubona bonke abafika ababekholelwa emfundisweni yabalandeli bakaSocinus; ngakho eminyakeni emithathu eyalandela, kusukela ngo-1569 kuya ku-1572, iRaków yaba indawo yezingxoxo eziningi zemfundiso yenkolo. Waba yini umphumela?

Indlu Ehlukene Phakathi

Inhlangano yabalandeli bakaSocinus ngokwayo yahlukana phakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakunalabo ababebambelele kakhulu emibonweni yokuqala, ngakolunye kunalabo ababenemibono elinganiselayo. Nokho, naphezu kokungaboni ngaso linye, izinkolelo zabo zazihlukile kwezabanye. Babemenqaba uZiqu-zintathu; benqaba ukubhapathiza izinsana; bengaziphathi izikhali futhi ngokuvamile bengazamukeli izikhundla zikahulumeni. *  Futhi babenqaba ukuthi sikhona isihogo esiyindawo yokuhlushwa. Kukho konke lokhu, babewashaya indiva amasiko enkolo ayethandwa.

Abefundisi beNkolo KaCalvin nabamaKatolika baliphikisa kakhulu leli qembu, kodwa abefundisi beNkolo KaSocinus basebenzisa isimo sokubekezelelana ngokwenkolo, okwathuthukiswa amakhosi asePoland uSigismund II Augustus noStephen Báthory, ukuze bafundise imibono yabo.

Umsebenzi KaBudny Oyingqopha-mlando

Inguqulo yeBhayibheli yabalandeli bakaCalvin, eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi ngaleso sikhathi, yayingahlangabezani nezidingo zabafundi abaningi. Leyo nguqulo yayingahunyushwanga isuselwa ezilimini zokuqala, kodwa yayisuselwa kuyi-Vulgate yesiLatini nakwenye inguqulo yesiFulentshi yangaleso sikhathi. Enye incwadi ithi: “Ukuthembeka nokunemba komqondo kwalahlwa ngenxa yokuphishekela indlela enhle.” Kwaba namaphutha amaningi. Ngakho-ke, isazi esaziwayo okuthiwa uSzymon Budny sacelwa ukuba silungise leyo nguqulo. Sanquma ukuthi kwakuyoba lula ukwenza inguqulo entsha ngokuphelele kunokulungisa endala. UBudny waqala ukwenza lo msebenzi cishe ngo-1567.

Lapho ehumusha, uBudny wacubungulisisa igama ngalinye kanye namagama ahlukahlukene ahlobene nalo ngendlela okungekho muntu ePoland owayeke wenza ngayo ngaphambili. Lapho amagama esiHeberu edala inkinga, wayebhala inguqulo yezwi nezwi embhalweni oseceleni kwekhasi. Lapho kudingeka, wayesungula amagama futhi ezama ukusebenzisa ulimi lwasePoland olulula nolwalusetshenziswa nsuku zonke ngaleso sikhathi. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukunikeza umfundi inguqulo yeBhayibheli ethembekile nenembile.

Inguqulo kaBudny yalo lonke iBhayibheli yanyatheliswa ngo-1572. Nokho, abanyathelisi bayonakalisa inguqulo yakhe yemiBhalo YesiGreki. Engadikibali, uBudny waqala ukwenza inguqulo ebukeziwe, eyaqedwa ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Inguqulo kaBudny yemiBhalo YesiGreki eyenziwe ngobuhlakani yayizidlula kude izinguqulo zangaphambili zolimi lwasePoland. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabuyisela igama laphezulu, elithi Jehova ezindaweni eziningi.

Phakathi nengxenye yokugcina yekhulu le-16 leminyaka naphakathi namashumi amathathu okuqala ekhulu le-17, iRaków, idolobha eliyinhloko lale nhlangano, laba isikhungo senkolo nesolwazi. Abaholi nababhali bamaPolish Brethren babenyathelisela lapho amapheshana nezincwadi zabo.

Babethuthukisa Imfundo

Izincwadi ezazinyatheliswa amaPolish Brethren zaqala ukwanda cishe ngo-1600 lapho kumiswa indawo yokunyathelisa eRaków. Umshini wokunyathelisa wawukwazi ukunyathelisa izincwadi ezincane nezinkulu ngezilimi eziningana. Ngokushesha iRaków cishe yayisiyisikhungo sokunyathelisa esingcono kakhulu eYurophu. Kukholelwa ukuthi kwanyatheliswa izincwadi ezifinyelela ku-200 kuleyo ndawo yokunyathelisa phakathi neminyaka engu-40 eyalandela. Imboni yephepha eyayiseduze nalapho, okwakungeyomunye wamaPolish Brethren, yayinikela ngephepha lezinga eliphezulu ukuze kunyatheliswe lezi zincwadi.

Ngokushesha amaPolish Brethren abona isidingo sokufundisa ayekholwa nabo kanye nabanye. Ukuze kufezwe lokho, kwasungulwa i-University of Raków ngo-1602. Amadodana amaPolish Brethren kanye nabafana bamaKatolika nabamaProthestani, babefunda lapho. Nakuba le yunivesithi yayingeyemfundiso yenkolo, inkolo kwakungesona ukuphela kwesifundo esasifundiswa lapho. Izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, izimiso zokuziphatha, ezomnotho, ezomlando, ezomthetho, isayensi yezokubonisana, isayensi yemvelo, izibalo, ezokwelapha nezokuzivocavoca nakho kwakuyingxenye yezifundo ezazifundiswa. Iyunivesithi yayinomtapo wezincwadi omkhulu, owawuqhubeka ukhula ngenxa yendawo yokunyathelisa yakuleyo ndawo.

Lapho kuqala ikhulu le-17 leminyaka, kwakubonakala sengathi amaPolish Brethren ayeyoqhubeka echuma. Kodwa kwakungezukuba njalo.

Isonto NoMbuso Kuyaphindisela

UZbigniew Ogonowski wase-Academy of Sciences yasePoland uyachaza: “Ekupheleni kweshumi lesithathu leminyaka lekhulu le-17, isimo sabalandeli baka-Arius ePoland saqala ukwehla ngokushesha.” Lokhu kwakubangelwa umsebenzi wabefundisi bamaKatolika ababewenza ngesibindi  esengeziwe. Laba befundisi basebenzisa zonke izindlela ababengazisebenzisa, kuhlanganise ukunyundela nokuhlambalaza, ukuze bathunaze amaPolish Brethren. Lokhu kuhlaselwa kwenziwa kwaba lula isimo sezombangazwe esase sishintshile ePoland. Inkosi entsha yasePoland, uSigismund III Vasa, wayeyisitha samaPolish Brethren. Abamlandela, ikakhulukazi uJohn II Casimir Vasa, nabo basekela imizamo yeSonto LamaKatolika yokuphazamisa amaPolish Brethren.

Izinto zaba zimbi nakakhulu lapho kusolwa abafundi abambalwa baseRaków ngokuhlambalaza ngamabomu isiphambano. Lesi senzakalo saba ibhaxa lokuchithwa kwesikhungo samaPolish Brethren. Umnikazi weRaków wamangalelwa yinkantolo yasephalamende ‘ngokusakaza ububi’ ngokusekela i-University of Raków nendawo yayo yokunyathelisa. AmaPolish Brethren asolwa ngokwenza izinto ezonakalisayo, ngokuhileleka emibuthanweni yokudakwa nangokuphila ukuphila kokuziphatha okubi. Iphalamende lanquma ukuthi i-Raków University kufanele ivalwe bese kucekelwa phansi indawo yokunyathelisa nesonto lamaPolish Brethren. Amakholwa ayalwa ukuba ahambe kulelo dolobha. Oprofesa beyunivesithi baxoshwa kulelo zwe, futhi uma bengahambi babezobulawa. Amanye amaPolish Brethren athuthela ezindaweni eziphephile, njengaseSilesia naseSlovakia.

Ngo-1658 iphalamende lakhipha isinqumo sokuthi amaPolish Brethren athengise ngempahla yawo abese ethuthela kwelinye izwe ingakapheli iminyaka emithathu. Kamuva, leso sikhathi esasimisiwe sancishiswa saba iminyaka emibili. Noma ngubani owayeqhuba izinkolelo zawo ngemva kwalokho wayeyobulawa.

Abanye abalandeli bakaSocinus bazinza eNetherlands, lapho baqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wabo wokunyathelisa. ETransylvania ibandla laqhubeka likhona kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. Emihlanganweni yawo, eyayiqhutshwa izikhathi ezifinyelela kwezintathu ngesonto, ayehlabelela amahubo, alalele izintshumayelo, afunde nekhathekizimu eyayilungiselelwe ukuchaza izimfundiso zawo. Ukuze alondoloze ukuhlanzeka kwebandla, amakholwa ayesolwa, elulekwa ngokuqinile, futhi uma kudingekile, axoshwe.

AmaPolish Brethren ayengabafundi beZwi likaNkulunkulu. Athola amaqiniso athile ayigugu futhi awahlanganyela ngokunganqikazi nabanye. Nokho, agcina esakazekele kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi akuthola kunzima ukulondoloza ubunye bawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaPolish Brethren ashabalala.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 23]

Indlu okwakunge-yomunye wabefundisi babalandeli bakaSocinus

[Izithombe ekhasini 23]

Ngenhla: IRaków namuhla; ngakwesokudla indlu yezindela eyasungulwa ngo-1650 ukuze kuqedwe noma imuphi umkhondo ‘weNkolo Ka-Arius’; ngezansi: Kule ndawo abefundisi bamaKatolika babeka isiphambano ukuze bachukuluze amaPolish Brethren

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 21]

Title card of Biblia nieświeska by Szymon Budny, 1572